SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Protected group</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Protected group</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

</p>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the computer science concept, see <a href="Information_hiding" title="Information hiding">Information hiding</a>.</div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<p>A <b>protected group</b>, <b>protected class</b> (US), or <b>prohibited ground</b> (Canada) is a category by which people are qualified for special protection by a law, policy, or similar authority.

</p><p>In Canada and the United States, the term is frequently used in connection with <a href="Employment_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Employment law">employees and employment</a> and <a href="Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">housing</a>. Where illegal discrimination on the basis of protected group status is concerned, a single act of discrimination may be based on more than one protected class. For example, discrimination based on <a href="Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> may relate to religion, ethnicity, national origin, or any combination of the three; discrimination against a pregnant woman might be based on sex, marital status, or both.<sup id="cite_ref-USLegal_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USLegal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exemptions to <a href="Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">anti-discrimination laws</a> include <a href="Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">citizenship discrimination</a><sup id="cite_ref-UNTC-CERD_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNTC-CERD-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Religious_exemption" title="Religious exemption">religious exemptions</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada">Canada</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights in Canada</a></div>

<p>"<b>Prohibited grounds of discrimination</b>" (<a href="French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">motif de distinction illicite</i>) in employment and housing are listed in the federal <a href="Canadian_Human_Rights_Act" title="Canadian Human Rights Act">Canadian Human Rights Act</a> as well as the <a href="Human_Rights_Code_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Human Rights Code (disambiguation)">provincial human rights codes</a>. For examples the federal law lists: <a href="Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">race</a>, <a href="Ethnic_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic discrimination">national or ethnic origin</a>, <a href="Discrimination_based_on_skin_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination based on skin color">colour</a>, <a href="Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">religion</a>, <a href="Ageism" title="Ageism">age</a>, <a href="Sexism" title="Sexism">sex</a>, <a href="Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">sexual orientation</a>, <a href="Gender_identity_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender identity discrimination">gender identity</a> or expression, <a href="Marital_status" title="Marital status">marital status</a>, family status, <a href="Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">genetic characteristics</a>, <a href="Disability_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability discrimination">disability</a>, and conviction for an offence for which a pardon has been granted or in respect of which a record suspension has been ordered.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Council_of_Europe">Council of Europe</h2></div>

<p><a href="Article_14_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights">Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights</a> states that discrimination is prohibited on "any ground" (<a href="French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">sans distinction aucune</i>) but also lists several examples. This protection was expanded by <a href="Protocol_12_to_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="Protocol 12 to the European Convention on Human Rights">Protocol 12 to the European Convention on Human Rights</a> which states that all law must also applied without discrimination, and not just in housing, employment, and other areas covered by the Convention. This was first litigated in 2009 when the court found in <i><a href="Sejdi%C4%87_and_Finci_v._Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Sejdić and Finci v. Bosnia and Herzegovina">Sejdić and Finci v. Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></i> that constitutional rules around eligibility to run for office also must be non-discriminatory.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2></div>

<p>US federal law protects individuals from discrimination or harassment based on the following nine protected classes: sex (including sexual orientation and gender identity<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), race/color, age, disability, national origin, religion/creed, or genetic information (added in 2008). Many state laws also provide protection against harassment and discrimination based on these classes, as do many employer policies. Although it is not required by federal law, state law and employer policies may also protect employees from harassment or discrimination based on marital status.<sup id="cite_ref-USLegal_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USLegal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following characteristics are "protected" by United States federal <a href="Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">anti-discrimination law</a>:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race</a> – <a href="Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li>

<li><a href="Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a> – <a href="Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li>

<li><a href="National_origin" title="National origin">National origin</a> – <a href="Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li>

<li><a href="Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a> (40 and over) – <a href="Age_Discrimination_in_Employment_Act_of_1967" title="Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967">Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex" title="Sex">Sex</a> – <a href="Equal_Pay_Act_of_1963" title="Equal Pay Act of 1963">Equal Pay Act of 1963</a> and <a href="Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a> and <a href="Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a> as of <i><a href="Bostock_v._Clayton_County" title="Bostock v. Clayton County">Bostock v. Clayton County</a></i> – <a href="Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a> – <a href="Pregnancy_Discrimination_Act" title="Pregnancy Discrimination Act">Pregnancy Discrimination Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Family" title="Family">Familial status</a> – <a href="Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a> Title VIII: Prohibits discrimination for having children, with an exception for senior housing. Also prohibits making a preference for those with children.</li>

<li><a href="Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a> status – <a href="Rehabilitation_Act_of_1973" title="Rehabilitation Act of 1973">Rehabilitation Act of 1973</a> and <a href="Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990</a></li>

<li><a href="Veteran" title="Veteran">Veteran</a> status – <a href="Vietnam_Era_Veterans'_Readjustment_Assistance_Act_of_1974" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam Era Veterans' Readjustment Assistance Act of 1974">Vietnam Era Veterans' Readjustment Assistance Act of 1974</a> and <a href="Uniformed_Services_Employment_and_Reemployment_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act">Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic information">Genetic information</a> – <a href="Genetic_Information_Nondiscrimination_Act" title="Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act">Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act</a></li></ul>

<p>Individual states can and do create other classes for protection under state law.

</p><p>Presidents have also issued <a href="Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive orders</a> which prohibit consideration of particular attributes in employment decisions of the United States government and its contractors. These have included <a href="Executive_Order_11246" title="Executive Order 11246">Executive Order 11246</a> (1965), <a href="Executive_Order_11478" title="Executive Order 11478">Executive Order 11478</a> (1969), <a href="Executive_Order_13087" title="Executive Order 13087">Executive Order 13087</a> (1998), <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13279" class="extiw external" title="s:Executive Order 13279">Executive Order 13279</a> (2003), and <a href="Executive_Order_13672" title="Executive Order 13672">Executive Order 13672</a> (2014).

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a></li>

<li><a href="Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Equality_Act_2010" title="Equality Act 2010">Equality Act 2010</a></li>

<li><a href="Fair_Housing_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Housing Act">Fair Housing Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Office_of_Fair_Housing_and_Equal_Opportunity" title="Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity">Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity</a></li>

<li><a href="Suspect_classification" title="Suspect classification">Suspect classification</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://definitions.uslegal.com/p/protected-group-member/">"Protected Group Member Law & Legal Definition"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-UNTC-CERD-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNTC-CERD_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&clang=_en">"2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination"</a>. United Nations Treaty Collection.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Canadian Human Rights Act</i>, s. 3(1).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/guidance/protections-against-employment-discrimination-based-sexual-orientation-or-gender">"Protections Against Employment Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity"</a>. 15 June 2021.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2020" class="citation news cs1">Liptak, Adam (15 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/15/us/gay-transgender-workers-supreme-court.html">"Civil Rights Law Protects Gay and Transgender Workers, Supreme Court Rules"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Various_group_rights91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Various_group_rights91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Various <a href="Individual_and_group_rights" title="Individual and group rights">group rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">National rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Right_to_resist" title="Right to resist">Right to resist</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_exist" title="Right to exist">Right to exist</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_rights" title="Treaty rights">Treaty rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Rights of other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Return_of_results" title="Return of results">Return of results</a></li>

<li><a href="Collective_agreement" title="Collective agreement">Collective agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Collective_rights_management" title="Collective rights management">Collective rights management</a></li>

<li><a href="Corporate_personhood" title="Corporate personhood">Corporate personhood</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-30" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Protected_group&oldid=1303372756">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>